Draft
Thesis
“Role of weekly Roshni in imparting practical education to Mass Communication students”
By
Rabia Rashid
Roll No
BS Part IV
July, 2012
Department of Mass Communication
“Role of weekly Roshni in imparting practical education to Mass Communication students”
By:
Rabia Rashi
B.S (Hons.) -IV
Has been approved by the Department of Mass Communication
Thesis Chair:
Dr. Rizwana Chang
Superviser:
Mr. Sohail Sangi
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, for their constant love, encouragement and confidence.
Acknowledgement
No one can achieve something without the help of Allah. So researcher is highly thankful to Almighty Allah.
Research Supervisor Sohail Sangi very kindly co-operated to researcher for accomplishing the task. The humble and mother-like teacher Prof Dr Rizwana Chang very kindly guided the researcher whenever she asked.
It was not possible to fulfill this responsibility except you all.
Thanks ..
Abstract
This study examines the role of Weekly Roshni, a laboratory publication of Mass Communication Department University of Sindh in learning practical work of Journalism. This study was prepared after discussions with former students of the department and teachers to understand what and how much they learned the practical work of journalism. It also provides the how this learning is achieved? The study also looked at the learning theories theory which states that practical should be adapted in learning practical subjects.
According to collected data Majority of respondents Responded in GOOD, while there are 10 to 15 percent students who had low learning..
Content
Chapter 01
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of Purpose
1.3 Value of the purposed study in Mass Communication
1.4 Theoretical Debate
Chapter 02
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Hypothesis
Chapter 03
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Universe
3.3 Sampling
3.4 Data Collection
3.5 Content Analysis
3.6 Graphical Demonstration
Chapter 04
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Suggestions
4.3 Reference
4.4 Bibliography
Appendix- A
Appendix- B
Chapter One
1.1 Introduction:
The Print Media has been serving the masses since the centuries. No one can challenge the role of newspapers for awakening people, for identifying their rights, for learning the ways to grab those from the hands of the deprivers.
Newspapers also served in the means of surveillances also. There are a good number of people having these papers to take information about the problems and they look also to newspapers for having the solutions of those problems.
Practical work
According to Reference Dictionary, practical work means involving, or concerned with experience or actual use; not theoretical or concerned with ordinary affairs, work, etc. It develops procedural understanding. (1)
Journalism: The word journalism derived from “journal” which means “a daily register” or “a dairy”. Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. (2)
Journalist: A journalist is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues and people.
(1) Education and Learning
(2) Scholastic Journalism
The term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as reporters, photographers, graphic designer and page designer
Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves. Learning is not compulsory, it is contextual. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge.
Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training. (3)
The University of Sindh , the second oldest University of the country, was constituted under the University of Sindh Act
From 1947 to 1951 the University functioned solely as an examining body. Later it was relocated in Hyderabad
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Red Guides Paper: Learning through practical work: can we do it better? By Mike Byrne
The first teaching department, namely, Department of Education, raised to the status of Faculty of Education later, was started in view of the great dearth of trained teachers in the country.
The departments of basic Science disciplines as well as other departments on humanities side were added by mid fifties.
The development of the present campus at Jamshoro, about 15 kilometers from Hyderabad
Most of the teaching departments under the Faculty of Science were shifted to the new campus in 1961, with departments under Arts & Humanities following suite in 1970.
The academic march forward continued with the gradual addition of other teaching departments and now there are 43 full-fledged teaching institutes/ centres /departments functioning under various academic Faculties.
There are presently 4 Law colleges and 74 Degree and Post Graduate Colleges
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) www.usindh.edu.pk )
Department of Mass Communication
The Department (formerly, Department of Journalism) has been preparing students for successful careers in the field of Mass Media since its founding in 1977.
Infact it is the only institution offering courses in four years (8 Semesters) Bachelor Program in Mass Communication to the people of rural Sindh.
It aims at increasing the students' understanding of communication theory, research and skills to facilitate maturation in the area of media.
Students are treated as Journalists and Media Persons who would one day be called upon to accept responsibilities in supervisory positions.
LIBRARY
We have Dr. Khan Muhammad Panhwar seminar library, where approximately 4000 thousand latest books related to different courses are always ready to be read by students of Mass Communication Department for enhancing their studies.
LABORATORIES
The department runs well equipped laboratories, where variety of equipments such as lights, video cameras, tripods, and microphones are available for students.
For practical training the department has News Laboratory having computers which are open to students of the department.
Students may have access to the Electronic Media laboratory where students are trained for editing, video production and writing for all media including newspaper and magazine.
The department also produces weekly newspaper ROSHNI, monthly magazine SHAOOR and official newsletter CAMPUS COMMUNICATOR.
The creative students of Mass Communication have now launched an epaper following the developmental perspective of global age.
INTERNET FACILITY
The computer laboratories are connected with high speed internet connection and students may also avail this facility
OBJECTIVES of the department
Department of Mass Communication aims to provide students with theoretical and practical education that emphasizes on fundamental concepts.
· To use media for social development.
· To give a working knowledge on international information distribution techniques.
· To work towards building a better media culture.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) www.usindh.edu.pk )
Monthly Magazine Shaoor
The Department of Mass Communication is keen to do more to actively involve the students in practical work and writing skills. That is why we have been publishing two laboratory publications – Weekly ROSHNI and monthly magazine SHAOOR – to ensure that the students may have a greater practical experience of media working and writings. (Source Web site of the department)
------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------- ------------ ----------------
Weekly Roshni
Roshni Newspaper has been published since last five years. Weekly issues of Roshni, write ups of students on different genres of media writings, photo gallery and some useful links for theoretical studies and practical work will help students to enhance their performance in the field of media.
New and innovative changes have been made by the students every year following the pace of the developing world.
In 2010, an effort has been made to convert the hard copy of Roshni Newspaper into soft e-paper as per the needs of the digital world by the students of batch 2008, Department of Mass Communication.
The e-paper of Roshni Newspaper has been designed solely by the determined efforts of renowned Journalist of Pakistan
This development has been made to increase the confirmatory academic perspective in the field of print media which will help students to update themselves with the modern studies of media.
Along with every publication of Roshni, the e-paper is also updated with the content possessed by its hard copy.
The visitors are welcomed to read or copy the content only for academic purpose.
The first manuscript of Roshni Newspaper was published on 21st October, 2005 as laboratory publication by the Department of Mass Communication.
The basic concept behind the publication of newspaper was to equip the students with the practical skills required in the professional field of Print Media.
The first publication was shaped after the soulful contributions of the people chairing the department, faculty members, staff and students of batch 2003.
The efforts were initiated by Mr. Har Bux Makhijani, former Chairman of the department and were carried on by Mr. Agha Rafique former Chairman of the department with the true assistance of Mr. Sohail Sangi, a renowned journalist of Pakistan
The practical work of Roshni provided an insight about news reporting, writing, editing and other related things which are considered necessary for the publication of a newspaper. The contents of news items were kept relevant to the academic and constructive activities of the campus.
Students under the professional guidance of teachers and other faculty staff were given responsibility to carry out the whole process of news gathering and publishing so that they may gain experience of newspaper production.
The first issue with 350 copies of Roshni was published by the batch 2003 of the department. Later, innovations were made by forthcoming batches.
The Newspaper content is still based upon news items related to the academic activities of campus, articles, features, profiles, interviews etc, which are written and edited by students under the supervision of professional teachers and faculty.
Among others contribution of Mr Sarang Chandio, Ms Hira Fatima, Ms Sabin Farooqui, Ms Asma Zulfiqar, Ashfaq Laghari, Samni Abro, Atif Vighio, Kavi Hassan, Sajjad Baloch, Marvi Aslam, Wajeeha Shaikh, Beenish Abdullah, Shabana Kori, Wajid Khaskheli, Sarmad Laghari, Rabia Rashid, Rabia Alvi, Anum Khanzada, Ishrat Jarwar, Ponam Laghari, Sohail Aziz, Shariq Lashari, Samar Ahsan, Beenish Mukhtia, Hosh Mohammed Dhamrah is worth to mention.
In the year … web site of weekly Roshni (www.weeklyroshni.com) was launched. The prupose of web site are well described by Chairperson Dr Rizwana Chang’s Message:
“As with the passage of time, media is changing its face and online journalism is becoming more popular, therefore, it was need of the hour that practical work should be imparted to students about website.”
WEB TEAM
Founders of web: Professor Dr. Rizwana Chang, Visiting faculty Mr. Sohail Sangi, Mr. Noor Muhammad Samejo
Contents of Roshni Web site:
News: English, Sindhi, and Urdu,
Articles: all the three languages,
Features, Interviews, Profiles, Photo gallery, Guest corner, Useful links,
Archives: all material published since 2010 is archived.
(Source Weekly Roshni Web site)
------------- --------- ------------- ---------------- ------------ ----------------
Weekly Roshni
The weekly Roshni is a laboratory publication of Mass Communication department. As such, the paper is to serve as an effective voice, especially of the students, of and to the university community. The paper is published by the Department of Mass Communication. The Roshni’s budget comes under the umbrella of the Mass Communication department.
As a student enterprise, Roshni is remain open to all students of BS part-iii and M.A Previous of Mass Department to contribute their services. It is compulsory for every student of BS part-iii and M.A Previous to work with this laboratory publication as reporter and editor/ sub editor to gain experience and sharpen their skills.
Roshni as a laboratory for the Mass Communication
The Roshni is available to the Mass Communication as a laboratory for student experience. The use of The Roshni publications for credited experience is a function separate and distinct from the operations of the publications as organizations. The requirements for the teaching of journalism do not interfere in the functioning of the The Roshni as an organization or impede the publications staffs in the fulfilment of their responsibilities. The evaluation of a student’s work for credit is conducted by the faculty of print journalism responsible for the laboratory experience.
The production of the publication is strongly aided by the nurturing of a professional journalist who is competent and experienced in the technical production and publication of a paper. He is a professional journalist, who has the skills and education requisite to teach all aspects of that particular medium
Such a visiting faculty is to providing daily guidance to the staff and students in the preparation and publication of each issue. This is to be a constant working relationship rather than one of overseer on an occasional basis.
The weekly Roshni has a separate budget assigned to the Mass Communication department.
The staff and visiting faculty explain and demonstrate, commend and critique and urge students to understand their role and responsibility as journalists learning and applying their craft
The subject teacher has the responsibility to provide leadership to staffs, selection of editorial board, direct the daily operations of their publications, make editorial decisions, maintain the quality of the publication, act on complaints — especially about fairness — and carry out those policies established by their editorial board.
Each editor shall seek consultation in matters of potential libel, obscenity or other matters involving potential liability, as well as matters that may be judged in contradiction to the values and sensibilities of the University.
The Editorial Board
The editorial boards of The Roshni is comprised of the student editors.
The editorial boards have the responsibility to publish their publications according to their published schedules. The Roshni is published each week in session, excluding the semester break.
(Source: Discussion with Sir Sohail Sangi and some ex-editors)
------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------- ------------ ----------------
How Roshni works
This course will be fully practical. Practical work would include i) Beat Reporting, ii) Editing, iii) Writing media writing pieces. It is mandatory for every student to work in this Laboratory publication.
Selection of Editorial Board
Editorial Board would consist of three students from English four from Urdu and 5 to 6 for Sindhi Language
Who can be the Editor: Those who have good command on relevant language Good writing skill Good media writing skills Punctual in class Sense of Responsibility Ability to work in a team Every student will work as sub editor in at least one issue ( issue No for sub editing will allotted to each student
Reporting
Every student will be allotted a beat and he/she has to file at least one news report from the beat in a week. Missing of any event in the beat will be considered negative. Beat Reporting is mandatory and attendance is conditional with the filing of Beat Report. News should be filed in proper news format, otherwise it will not be accepted
Writing pieces
Writing piece means Interview, Profile, Feature, Article, Book Review Every student has to write and file at least four pieces (one of them should be in English). These writing should be filed before due date, no piece filed after due date will be considered. Issue No for every piece will be allotted Writing piece should be filed at least TEN days before the date of publication Every student should file three topics with outline of each category of writing for approval. No piece will be published without approval of topic. Date for approval of topic is Next Tuesday i.e. January 12 for BS part-III students and Wednesday i.e. January 13 for M.A (Previous) No topic will be approved after due date Every student should know composing and he/she has to file at least one piece in composed form.
Schedule
On Monday matter should be in composed form and it would be filnalised by the Editors with consultation of subject teacher. Wednesday will be Beat Day for the students while for editorial section it will be pasting day. Newspaper will be published on Thursday DEAD Date for approval of topic is Next Tuesday i.e. January 12 for BS part-III students and Wednesday i.e. January 13 for M.A (Previous) No topic will be approved after due date At the end of semester every student will file his/her all published writing pieces for final assessment. A date will be fixed for submission of this assignment.
Three Topics for articles
Propose three topics with proper outline, Homework on it, what information student has and how further information will be will collected. Approach of writing etc. Choose a topic for which you can collect primary data
Three personalities for interview:
- Read some interview
- Reason for selecting these personalities.
-Brief introduction,
- Some proposed questions
- Read some interview
- Reason for selecting these personalities.
-Brief introduction,
- Some proposed questions
Three personalities for profile:
Read some good profile Propose three personalities for profile get approved. Reason for selecting these personalities. which aspect of proposed personalities would you like to explore/ emphasise.
Feature
Get approved the topic and homework on it, Try to choose a topic for which you can collect primary data
Schedule
Filing of writing pieces 10 days before publication. Means if issue is being published on Jan 25, the students have to file their items on Jan 15. Sub editors to report seven days before the publication of issue. Editors /Sub Editors will complete their work by Tuesday. They will get it checked the proofs from concerned teacher on Monday. Reporting day will be Wednesday.
(Source: Discussion with Sir Sohail Sangi, Samejo Sb, and some ex-editors)
------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------- ------------ ----------------
What Students Learn?
1. How to produce a newspaper
2. Basics of pre-production
3. Basics of pre-production
4. Staff organization, job descriptions
5. How newspaper works
6. Work-flow routines and practice exercises
7 . News Judgment, how to work on a story
8. News gathering and reporting (beat reporting), In-depth reporting, Ethics
9 . Developing, Evaluating and Handling sources
10 . writing Interview, Article, Book and Film Review, Profile, Feature
13. Preparing copy for production:
14. Editing, composing
15. Proof reading
16. Pasting, Layout
17. Creating Sharp-Looking Pages: Catch Readers' Attention
18. Newspaper sources (reporters, news agencies, monitoring, Press releases, handouts)
19. Cartoons and Photos Selection, captions
20. Where to Find Story Ideas:
21. Writing Eye-Catching Headlines-
22. Battling bias: Preventing a perception of media bias starts in the newsroom
23. Handling different stories: Covering Public meeting, Seminars, Workshops, conferences
248. Press conference, Exhibition, festival
25. Clash, Accident, Disaster, tragedy
36. Type setting and fonts
27. How to Get Press Access
28. Cost of production and revenue
29. Post production: Distribution,
(Source: Discussion with Sir Sohail Sang, Samejo SB and some ex-editors of Roshni)
-- ----- ----- --------- ---
1.3 Statement of Purpose:
Media plays an important role in all sphere of life. In Pakistan
Only theory does not work in the practical work as most of the students after completing their university education complained that media outlet adminstrations demand experience and practical work.
Keeping in view department of Mass Communication is teaching them not only theory but also practical work through its laboratory publication Weekly Roshni.
This is study how much Weekly Roshni plays its role in teaching and imparting them practical work
This research can show us that how the practical can serve the purpose of learning media.
Researcher’s purpose is to highlight the service of weekly Roshni in serving the learning and purposeful learning of media. She will try to draw attention towards the ways that how practical work/ laboratory publication can provide and prepare them for practical work as demanded by the media outlets..
1.4 Value of the proposed study in Mass Communication:
As we all know that Mass Communication means to communicate or convey of message to the broader aspect. Hundreds media outlets in Pakistan
There has been saying that “No development without participation, and no participation with out communication” .The Researcher will evaluate the role of laboratory publication that how it make the basic skills and practical work carried during studies has become useful.
1.5 Theoretical Debate:
The Control Theory of Motivation, proposed by William Glasser, contends that behavior is never caused by a response to an outside stimulus. Instead, the behavior is inspired by what a person wants most at any given time.
Responding to complaints that today's students are "unmotivated," Glasser attests that all living creatures "control" their behavior to maximize their need satisfaction. According to Glasser, if students are not motivated to do their schoolwork, it's because they view schoolwork as irrelevant to their basic human needs.
Glasser identifies two types of teachers:
Boss teachers use rewards and punishment to coerce students to comply with rules and complete required assignments. Glasser calls this "leaning on your shovel" work. He shows how high percentages of students recognize that the work they do, even when their teachers praise them, is low-level work.
Lead teachers, on the other hand, avoid coercion completely. They make the intrinsic rewards of doing the work clear to their students, correlating any proposed assignments to the students' basic needs. These teachers use grades as indicators of what has and hasn't been learned, rather than a reward. They will "fight to protect" highly engaged, deeply motivated students who are doing quality work from having to fulfill meaningless requirements.
How the Control Theory impacts learning:
Curriculum - Teachers negotiate both content and method with students. Students' basic needs literally help shape how and what they are taught.
Instruction - Teachers rely on cooperative, active learning techniques that enhance the power of the learners. Lead teachers make sure that all assignments meet some degree of their students' need satisfaction. This secures student loyalty, which carries the class through whatever relatively meaningless tasks might be necessary to satisfy official requirements.
Assessment - Instructors only give "good grades" to certify quality work. Student assessment uses an absolute standard, rather than a relative "curve."
Observational Learning, also called The Social Learning Theory, occurs when an observer's behavior changes after viewing a behavioral model. An observer's behavior can be affected by the positive or negative consequences - called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment - of a model's behavior.
The guiding principles behind Observational Learning, or Social Learning Theory:
The observer will imitate the model's behavior if the model possesses characteristics - things such as talent, intelligence, power, good looks, or popularity - that the observer finds attractive or desirable.
The observer will react to the way the model is treated and mimic the model's behavior. When the model's behavior is rewarded, the observer is more likely to reproduce the rewarded behavior. When the model is punished, an example of vicarious punishment, the observer is less likely to reproduce the same behavior.
A distinction exists between an observer's "acquiring" a behavior and "performing" a behavior. Through observation, the observer can acquire the behavior without performing it. The observer may then later, in situations where there is an incentive to do so, display the behavior.
Learning by observation involves four separate processes:
Attention: Observers cannot learn unless they pay attention to what's happening around them. This process is influenced by characteristics of the model, such as how much one likes or identifies with the model, and by characteristics of the observer, such as the observer's expectations or level of emotional arousal.
Retention: Observers must not only recognize the observed behavior but also remember it at some later time. This process depends on the observer's ability to code or structure the information in an easily remembered form or to mentally or physically rehearse the model's actions.
Production: Observers must be physically and intellectually capable of producing the act. In many cases the observer possesses the necessary responses. But sometimes, reproducing the model's actions may involve skills the observer has not yet acquired. It is one thing to carefully watch a circus juggler, but it is quite another to go home and repeat those acts.
Motivation: In general, observers will perform the act only if they have some motivation or reason to do so. The presence of reinforcement or punishment, either to the model or directly to the observer, becomes most important in this process.
Attention and retention account for acquisition or learning of a model's behavior; production and motivation control the performance.
How Observational Learning impacts learning:
Curriculum - Students must get a chance to observe and model the behavior that leads to a positive reinforcement.
Instruction - Educators must encourage collaborative learning, since much of learning happens within important social and environmental contexts.
Assessment - A learned behavior often cannot be performed unless there is the right environment for it. Educators must provide the incentive and the supportive environment for the behavior to happen. Otherwise, assessment may not be accurate.
According the researcher work, there are two theories in which this research work can be incorporated. The first one in Agenda Setting Theory and the second one is Social Responsibility Theory. Here the researcher defines the first one theory:
Chapter Two
2.1 Review of Literature:
1. David Madland writes in his article” Journalists Give Workers the Business”
2. Marc Benton told in his research report “The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media at Three Levels of "Information Holding" told:
3. The Hacker News published in a report named “Coverage of economic issues is shallow at best in most media”
4. Christopher O. Meyer writes in his study of Quality Press Coverage of Economic Policy Co-ordination since Amsterdam
5. Jan Beyers; Bart Kerremans) wrote in their comparative analysis research report of public agenda-setting and trade politics
6. The website “Media Reality Check” posted an article that “Why Are Gas Prices the Only Economic News?” they told:
7. Brian J. Fogarty in his research report “Determining Economic News Coverage” wrote:
8. In a website “Cochrane reviews” in an article “Coverage of economics issues in Cochrane reviews” they told:
9. John R. Lott Jr. in a research report named “Is Newspaper Coverage of Economic Events Politically Biased?” told that :
10. Stuart N. Soroka in his article “Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada
11. Oya Dursun in his research report “News Coverage of the Enlargement of the European Union and Public Opinion” said:
12. Tamir Sheafer in his research article “The Media and Economic Voting in Israel
Chapter Three
3.1 Research Design
The process of research was the method of quantitative research; Content analysis. In which the recorded information utilized for observations regarding the hypothesis given by the researcher.
Catherine K. Murphy, Penn State York, York , PA
“Content analysis of media coverage provided a setting for group work, critical thinking, research, and data analysis. The analysis was motivated by a series of news stories that had damaged the reputation of the local community. The question was whether local news coverage was negative toward the business community. A business class addressed the problem and found that articles that business would view as favorable predominated. Based on their research, the class formulated a public relations strategy. Although this setting is a business class, content analysis of news media would work in other classes that emphasize critical thinking and problem solving.(cxm53@psu.edu).
In the process of content analysis, researcher uses the Item-Selection Study procedure. By which the Dawn Editorials are analyzed.
3.2 Variable Specification:
Economic issues are the independent variable. Dawn newspaper is also an independent variable also because whether the hypothesis will be proved or not, there will be no effect on the newspaper. But the image and role of the newspaper will be dependent variables after having the results in the end.
3.3 Sampling Methods:
The Dawn newspapers’ six months copies were used for sampling. The copies were of June to November 2008.
3.4 Procedure:
In the beginning the researcher collected all 6 months copies of the Dawn newspaper and analyzed the policy of Dawn regarding the economic issues. He saw the space given to those editorials containing the economic and other issues. Simply, the method of content analysis was used for the purpose. Researcher used Research Library of “Institute of Sindhology
3.5 Data Analysis
All the data, collected from the June to November 2008 was putted and a ratio has given that how much editorials of economic issues could get from the newspaper. There are some tables, and Graphs that are showing the policy of Dawn regarding the economic issue.
3.6 Tabulation of Data:
3.7 Graphs:
Q1: Did you Worked in Weekly Roshni?
Table No - 1
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
yes
|
50
|
100
|
Few issues
|
Q. No 2: Working in Roshni developed procedural understanding about newspaper?
Table No - 2
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
30
|
60
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
5
|
10
|
This question was asked to know i) How to produce a newspaper ii) Basics of pre-production
iii) Staff organization, job descriptions iv) How newspaper works
.
Majority (60%) respondents said that working in Weekly Roshni developed procedural understanding about newspaper. Response of 30% was medium 10% was low.
Q. No 3: News Judgment and how to work on a story
Table No - 3
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
25
|
50
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
10
|
20
|
This question was asked to know how they get practical knowledge about News Judgment and how to work on a story.
Majority (50%) told it was good, while 20% said its of medium level, whereas 20% has low learning.
Q. No 4: News gathering and reporting (beat reporting),
Table No - 4
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
40
|
80
|
Medium
|
5
|
10
|
Low
|
5
|
10
|
This question was asked to know the learning about newsgathering and beat reporting. These both are very important elements and their practical learning is supposed to be a big achievement..
Majority (80%) agreed they had good learning, while 10 per cent each has average and low learning.
Q. No 5: Developing, Evaluating and Handling sources
Table No - 5
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
28
|
56
|
Medium
|
10
|
20
|
Low
|
12
|
24
|
Source of news is important for reporters as it is said if sources of a journalist dries, he dies. So journalists have to develop source to get immediate and accurate information for their reports. Apart from theoretical learning, practical learning matters much. Therefore this question was asked to know the level of learning through Roshni.
Majority (56%) students agreed for good learning, 20% for medium and 12% respondents for low learning.
Q. No 6: Preparing copy for production:
Table No - 6
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
30
|
50
|
Medium
|
5
|
10
|
Low
|
15
|
30
|
This includes collecting news from reporters, selection of news items, editing, giving proper headlines, selecting related photos, display on page, i.e. layout. This question was asked to know learning of all these skills.
Majority (50%) said they and good learning, while 10 % had medium and 30 percent had low learning.
Q. No 7: Composing , fonts and font size learning
Table No - 7
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
20
|
40
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
15
|
30
|
Learning Process of composing for practical journalist is essential and so also having knowledge of fonts and their size and forms.
This is also being taught at Roshni desk. 40 said they had good learning while low and medium learning has same ratio which was 30%.
Q. No 8: Proof reading
Table No - 8
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
40
|
80
|
Medium
|
5
|
10
|
Low
|
5
|
10
|
Proofreading is techniques as well as skills, which needs practice. Apart from proofreading on Soft copy, it is also done on hard copy. There are some signs/ symbols or marks of proofreading. This question was asked to know the learning of Proofreading.
Majority (80%) responded as good, while 10% as medium and same ratio for low learning in proof reading.
Q. No 9: Pasting, Layout
Table No - 9
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
20
|
40
|
Medium
|
10
|
20
|
Low
|
20
|
40
|
This stage in newspaper production is supposed to be the last one from the editorial side. When news, photos, articles, etc are put according to the policy, readers interests and news value. Though this is technical but as well as professional for journalists.
This section’s learning seems to be low as compared with the other sections of learning. 40% termed this learning good while 20% has medium learning and a good ration that is 40% has low learning.
Q. No 10: Photos Selection, captions
Table No - 10
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
22
|
44
|
Medium
|
13
|
26
|
Low
|
15
|
30
|
Now journalism has become pictorial. It needs good eye to select a photo so that it can fulfil the famous proverb of journalism that a good picture is better than 1000 words story.
Majority (44%) said they have good learning and 26 % said it was medium, while 30% had low learning.
Q. No 11: Where to Find Story Ideas:
Table No - 11
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
20
|
40
|
Medium
|
10
|
20
|
Low
|
20
|
40
|
Finding idea for story is a process of creativity, research, practice and study. This question was asked to know this skills.
40% students said that they had good learning in finding ideas for story while 20% responded in medium learning and 40 termed this learning low.
Q. No 12: Writing Headlines
Table No - 2
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
20
|
40
|
Medium
|
10
|
20
|
Low
|
20
|
40
|
Writing headlines is an art. This question was asked to know the learning of this skill..
40% respondents said that they have good learning, 20% said it was medium while 40% said it remained low.
Q. No 13: Handling different stories: Covering Public meeting, Seminars, Workshops, conferences
Table No - 2
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
25
|
50
|
Medium
|
10
|
20
|
Low
|
15
|
30
|
In newspaper a reporter and a sub editor has to deal with different stories. Therefore it is made a part of learning..
Majority (50%) response was as good learning, and of 10 % it was medium while 30 % termed it low learning. .
Q. No 14: Ethics and Bias
Table No - 14
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
20
|
40
|
Medium
|
10
|
20
|
Low
|
20
|
40
|
This question was asked to know the practical learning of media ethics. .
40 % Respondents said they have good learning 20% said they had medium and other 40 % had low learning .
Q. No 15: Cost of production and revenue
Table No - 15
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
20
|
40
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
15
|
30
|
The practical journalist should know the cost of newspaper. SO he may be conscience about using the space or planning a newspaper at lower scale.
40 respondents had termed it good learning while 30 percent have medium and another 30 % had low learning.
Q. No 16: Writing Article
Table No - 16
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
30
|
60
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
5
|
10
|
This question was asked to know the writing skill of article.
A majority 60 % responded it as good leaning. 30 % termed it medium and 10 % called it as low learning
Q. No 17: Writing Profile
Table No - 17
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
30
|
60
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
5
|
10
|
This question was asked to know the writing skill of Profile .
A majority 60 % responded it as good leaning. 30 % termed it medium and 10 % called it as low learning
Q. No 18: Writing Feature
Table No - 18
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
30
|
60
|
Medium
|
15
|
30
|
Low
|
5
|
10
|
This question was asked to know the writing skill of Feature.
A majority 60 % responded it as good leaning. 30 % termed it medium and 10 % called it as low learning
Q. No 19: Interviewing
Table No - 19
Option
|
Total number
|
percentage
|
Good
|
||
Medium
|
||
Low
|
This question was asked to know the skill of Interviewing.
A majority 60 % responded it as good leaning. 30 % termed it medium and 10 % called it as low learning
Chapter Four
4.1 Conclusion:
Dawn newspaper has a major role in enlighten the economic issues of Pakistan Pakistan
As in Agenda-Setting order Dawn gives most priority to the Administrative issues, then to the Political problems, and after these two the newspapers rises the economic issues.
Later then it also draw the attention of people towards social issues, women issues, children issues, sports, and also publish some special editorials like: Obituary etc.
4.2 Suggestions:
· It was in a sense Quantity Study, due to the limited time, but researcher suggests for a Quality Study in concerns too, so the data can be analyzed in a more reliable manner.
· Dawn mostly publish editorials on economic issues in those days which were like the weather of budget. Dawn should give more concentration on these issues. Because economy is the back bone of the society.
4.3 References:
4.4 Bibliography:
1. Mass Media Research An Introduction: Roger D. Wimmer, Joseph R. Dominick, Second Edition, 1987, Wadsworth.Inc
1. MASS MEDIA REASERCH. AN INTRODUCTION: Roger .D. Wimmer, Joseph R. Dominick, 8th Edition, 2006, Holly J. Allen
2. How to Complete Your Research Project Successfully: Judith Bell, 1st Edition, 1993, UBS Publishers, New Delhi
4.5 Appendix
A.
Organization:
Month and Year:
